In This Post We will Learn About DAE Civil Technology First year Subject Basic Civil Engineering Surveying (CIVIL-104)
BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING SURVEYING
(CIVIL-104)
CHAPTER # 01
FUNDAMENTAL OF SURVEYING
LECTURE # 01
TOPIC: SURVEYING
Surveying is the science of determining or establishing the relative positions of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct and indirect measurements of distances, directions, and elevations.
Surveying also includes the art of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements which is applied for setting out (layout) the civil engineering projects such as road, railway, sewer, housing schemes and buildings etc.
The plan or map is the graphical representation of relative position of ground points or features of earth (nature & artificial) on horizontal plane reduced to a suitable scale.
Large scale representation of small area in engineering surveying is called plans, whereas small scale representation of large area is called maps.
When relative altitude (elevation) of points or feature on the earth are depicted on map by contour line, hachures or spot level etc. it is called a topographic map. The altitude (elevation) of ground features are also represented by means of vertical sections i.e. profile and cross sections.
These plans or maps are used to establish boundaries of the land, measurement of area& volume and selection of suitable site for engineering projects.
